Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

The Islamic Fundamentalism which turned into a major social course in many Arab countries in 1980s, has inspired a wide spectrum of theoretical analyses. In this article we have attempted to evaluate this course by the method of discursive analyse.Despite many dissimilarities that differentiate Islamic fundamentalism from other political, and even religious reformist, movements regarding methods of political struggle, organizing and organizational structure, our hypothesis is that its most significant distinctive aspect from previous movements is the conspicuous and unique role of Islamic signifier in shaping and articulating its discourse. Our hypothesis is that Islam did not enter to political arena of Ararb society by Islamic fundamentalism, but it turned into the master signifier or, what we call it here, the point de caption, by fundamentalists.Therefore, to comprehend the discursive change, from nationalism to fundamentalism, we describe the components of fundamentalist and Pan- Arabic discourses and compares their main signifiers. We, then investigate the contexts of increasing politicalization of Islam and its turning into master signifier, supremacy of Islamic fundamentalism discourse in contemporary Arab society and the failure of Arab nationalism discourse based on the factor of availability.

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ interpersonal) in literature and clarifies the rate of certainty of author’s view and his/her relation with audience. Due to this, the form of sentence is one of most important subjects which will be discussed under the sections of predicate and composition.From 80th century in west that ideological and discourse analysis of literary (and non-literary) texts are paid due attention, modern critics emphasized that literature is non-personal and objective. They focused on the interactional function of language and considered form, the most important element in interactional function of language, worth investigating. We reviewed the condition of form of sentence in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi in limited and special manner (focusing on Zin and Saljuq/ Selcuk). Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is an artistic history that its author has a deliberate intention in keeping the mutual relation with his audience. In other hand, he had used the element of “Conversation” more than contemporary novelists. Due to this, the different forms of sentences have high frequency in his works. One can propose ideological and discourse analysis analyzing their qualities.

Any school of thought throughout its history undergoes many changes and fluctuations. The complexity of the recent modern capitalist societies made the new Marxists to revive the opponents’ position of capitalist system. Laclau and Mouffe are among post- Marxists who are engaged in this attempt. Their criticism of the classical Marxism is due to its dogmatic features and its one-sided and biased analyses. By proposing the concepts of discourse, articulation, mobile identities, hegemony and discursive GAPs and conflicts, Laclau and Mouffe try to compensate for the one-sidedness of Classical Marxism which summarizes in economic determinism, class identities, class struggles, and social class GAP. These changes are made to increase the effectiveness of Marxism in their analysis of recent modern and complex capitalist societies. The aim of this article is to survey the process of change of Classical Marxist thoughts to Laclau and Mouffe’s post-Marxism. Firstly, there will be a discussion about decentralization of the society following the Post-Marxist perspective, which substitutes the economic determinism in the formation of social order, and secondly, the study points to the idea of antagonism which is a shared concept in both Marxism and Post- Marxism views. The Classical Marxism viewed politics as the class conflict which is lost in the ultimate Communism of class conflict that resulted in a classless society. However, Laclau and Mouffe’s post- marxism points to the endless political conflict and considers it as an everlasting element of the society, and it deems the radical democratic policy as an element that preserves such a conflict.

The present study deals with the discourse analysis of the ISIL group's (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant). This research is aimed to identify the master and floating signifiers governing the ISIL group's discourse, and the articulation of the group's discourse. To achieve this goal, the features of the group dominant discourse have been identified. For this study, the combination of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory and Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis as theory and method were used. The English texts relating the ISIL group's magazine, which was published in two English and Arabic languages in 15 issues, were selected as the statistical population of the research. As findings show the Master Signifier of ISIL's dominant discourse is Islamic caliphate. Floating signifiers in ISIL discourse also become meaningful related to master Signifier, and hence the signifiers such as the enemy and jihad, the hijra and the caliph (imam) are considered as floating ones.

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is used as binder in propellants. Energetic ionic liquids are used as plasticizer to improve the properties of polymer. In the present study, firstly, ionic liquid was bonded to the GAP by certain amount and then the energetic anions of nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) were used to exchange anion. FTIR analyses confirm accurately anions exchange. DSC, viscometer and heat of combustion analyses have been carried out. The glass transition temperature, viscosity, and GAP energy were changed by anion exchange. Glass transition temperatures for ionic liquids with nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) anions were measured to be-43. 25 ° C and-40. 91 ° C, viscosities 4 Pa. s and 5 Pa. s and heats of combustion were 20. 46 kJ/g and 19. 98 kJ/g, respectively. The results of the analysis indicate that the ionic liquid with nitrate anion gives better results compared to the ionic liquid with azide anion.

Identity and national identity are regarded as one main problem in political sociology. Nowadays, political scholars, following fast changes of the age, have spoken of the problem in political literature much. Among the ways of studying the problem in Iran is the discourse of politico-intellectual currents active in politico-social of Iranian society. Studying Islamist current (as the main current taken the form of hegemony at appearance of IR) as national identity may prepare a new way for directing studies of IR. Using the method of DISCOURSIVE analysis and choosing Ali Shari`ti and Hjjat ul-Islam Seyyed Ali Khamenei as two deputies of the current, the paper has intended to explain the what of national identity of the current before and after IR. It was, yet, presupposed that the deputies had main components and concepts in common to a large extent.

Any research on Bahār al-Anvār (a twenty-five volumes encyc10paedic collection of hadith. history of Islam and... by 'Allama Mohammad Bāqir Majlisi) cannot be carried out without examining its social and historical background. In this paper, the social and historical environment in which such a cultural phenomenon was composed is examined. For this purpose, the social, political and religious structures of Iran under the Safavids, as well as 'Allāma Majlisi's way of socialisation, his connections and political experiences are considered. Majlisi's motive for writing the book, the structure of the book and the methodology used by him are also discussed, while his other writings and similar works by other contemporary authors are touched upon. It is argued that 'Allama Majlisi in his official position as Sheikh ul-Islam, the superior religious authority in Iran under the Safavids, in order to help the state to expand and maintain its authority had to respond to a variety of audiences.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of designing and explaining the optimal model for extension GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The research was qualitative. Data analysis was done with the method of qualitative content analysis of scientific and semi-structured interviews by extracting codes, concepts and categorizing categories, during a three-step process of open coding, central coding and selective coding through Maxqda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and rice farmers' cooperatives of Mazandaran province and the academic staff of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Analysis of semi-structured interviews was done through the technique of qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The interviews were studied line by line. the content analysis of the conceptualization process was done to explain the model. In the first stage of coding, 56 contents among 260 conceptual codes were identified, and after refining and merging, the codes were classified into 19 subcategories. Coding of categories was determined with coherence and logical order and accurate connection with axial coding. And it led to the paradigm model of explaining the pattern of extension and development of GAP standard in rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province.